Tuesday, June 4, 2019

Malaria Disease: An Overview

Malaria Disease An OverviewIntroductionMalaria is a vector-borne infectious disease ca apply by protozoan parasites. Malaria is a very widespread disease in the tropics and subtropics regions of the world including Africa, South Asia, and South and Central America, affecting over 650 million people and killing 1 to 3 million. Over half affected and killed be young babyren in Sub-Saharan Africa. This disease is an enormous public-health problem because it only takes adept bite by a mosquito infected with parasites that causes this infectious disease to catch apart of a humans body. Malaria cannot be transmitted from one mortal to another by estimable standing next to them you have to have contact with them.DiscussionMalaria didnt just recently come about it has affected on people for over 50,000 days. It could comfortably have been a pathogen for the entire history but it has not been proven. The term malaria originated from medieval Italian and translated into bad air. Malar ia has had a few names in the past like ague and marsh fever because of its association with swamps.Pioneer DiscoveriesThe first noted advance came in 1880 when Charles Louis Laveran, a French army bear upon who worked in Algeria noticed parasites in the red blood cells of the infected people. He announced that malaria was caused by this protozoan and this was the first time that it had been known to cause a disease. The protozoan was later called Plasmodium by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelocelli. Some time later it was suggested that mosquitoes were transmitting this disease to humans by Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor. But it was Britains Sir Ronald Ross who at long last proved it in 1898 by showing certain mosquito species transmitting malaria to birds and later isolated malaria parasites from salivary gland of mosquitoes that feed on infected bird. Sir Ross later became the music director of Malaria control effects in Panama, Greece, Egypt, and Macuitus. The works of Finlay, Ros s, Marchifava, and Celli saved the lives of thousands of workers and assisted developed methods used in future public health campaigns against this disease. The bark of a cinchona maneuver that contains quinine was the first effective treat workforcet for malaria.Global InitiativesThe Malaria Prevention Initiative spends over $1 billion a year to control malaria, the worlds largest health problem. In 2005 chaparral launched the Presidents Malaria Initiative (PMI). He pledged to increase U.S. malaria funding more than $1.2 billion over five years in order to reduce death by malaria by fifty percent in 15 African countries. He similarly challenged other countries to match him in things like private foundation and corporations that would help reduce the suffering and deaths caused by malaria. PMI had a goal and wanted it to be reached by contacting the child under 5 yrs of age and pregnant women. They leave behind unfold these people proven and effective treatment measures. PMI also used a method that involved 4 keys components indoor spraying of the homes with insectides, insecticide treated mosquito nets, lifesaving antimalarial drug drugs, and treatment to prevent malaria in pregnant women. PMI has impacted more than six million Africans just from the method with four key components. PMI coordinates with national malaria control pregnancy and international partners including Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, The World Bank, and Malaria Booster Program to name a few.Diagnosing and TreatingThe diagnosis and treatment of malarias severe form has go away an important matter. The microscopic diagnosis of malaria requires skill, experience, and availability of everyone at all times. there be some tests that dont require as much skill but they havent been acquirable in America for years. On June 13, 2007, the FDA approved the first malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) for use of laboratories in the U.S. The test uses whole blood and tak es only fifteen minutes. RDT is not able to detect if a patient has Malaria if they argon infected with another disease.Malarial StatisticsThe Center of Disease Control receives reports of one thousand to cardinal thousand cases of malaria every year. Some of these are as a result of international travel. Nearly seventy-five percent are acquired from victims who dont use the recommended preventive medications. During the 1800s quinine was used as the only drug to treat malaria until World War ii when more effective medicines were developed. Malaria control in war areas was created during World War Two to control the spread of this disease by mosquitoes in the south especially those surrounding military bases where troops could be affected.Prevention There are ways to prevent malaria such as using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and using netting. It has become a leading cause in death worldwide. If a person is diagnosed early and treated it can be cured. But a lot of peo ple live in areas where the disease is common and get infected repeatedly and never recover. There have been programs aimed towards prevention of malaria by killing mosquitoes that carry the disease. If a person goes to the doctor they can ask for a vaccine and a drug used for anti-malarial infections. Malaria is at a low rate in the U.S. but it is widespread around. If a person travels on an airplane where malaria patients have been they should be tested three to four times back to back.Conclusion In conclusion, malaria is a widespread disease affecting more people daily. So everyone ineluctably to protect themselves. Scientist are looking for a cure but thither is not one yet found. There are people out there giving money to those foundations whose main purpose is to help those affected with the disease. For those people out there infected by Malaria dont give up because help is on the way.BibliographyDeresinski, Stan. Rapid Diagnostic Testing For Malaria. Infectious Disease Aler t 26(2007) 133,134.Unknown, U.S. AID Health Programs Malaria and Child Survival. Congressional Digest 86(2007) 198-199.Health and Disease. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Online. Retrieved and accessed on from 15 Oct. 2007 http//search.eb.com/eb/article-258139Does homosexual parenting have negative effects?Does homosexual parenting have negative effects?This research paper tries to review the very(prenominal) sex couples relationships regarding the role they joke in parenthood and the effects both negative and positive that they apparent would have on their children whether biological or adopted. It also reviews the societys perception of the funny men and the homosexual community and their rights to raise their children. A comparison of the effects of homosexual and the sprightly men parenting and that of straightaway parenting will also be brought about in order to bring about the positive or negative side of homosexual parenting. This research paper will also re view the results of the researches make on homosexual parenting, the arguments, the outcomes and conclusions.Introduction consort to Bozett (1987), lesbians and cheery men form families which are identical in show like those of non- festal families. Within the last couple of years in the gay and lesbian communities, there has been increased awareness of the fact that the possibility of organism a parent is not ruled out by being gay. consort to Drescher and Glazer (2001), traditionally, when one came out as lesbian or gay, it meant that one had to abandon any hope of ever becoming a parent or even to keep ones children if one had them already. However, with homosexuality in the open, more and more analogous sex couples are having new babies, are act to raise previous heterosexual relationships children and also are adopting children (Drescher Glazer, 2001).As a result, after coming out many gay men and lesbians are considering parenthood. stemma in the lesbian and gay men co mmunity may come about from joining of a homosexual parent legally with a correct half of the opposite sex who may have one or more children who may be adopted or biological. On the other hand, children may be adopted by lesbians and gay men as single parents who may or may not have a lover who takes the stepparent role. Some of the gay men or lesbians may choose to provide entertain care as a way of parenting. Lesbians on the other hand, can opt to become parents through alternative fertilization. Other ways for the homosexuals to become parents is where single or coupled gay men use a surrogate mother and also where a lesbian is inseminated by one or more than one gay man. And thereafter rear the offspring as if it were related to them biologically (Bozett, 1987).According to Kurdek (2004), homosexual parenting is when gay men or lesbians become biological or non biological parents to one or more children. Despite the controversy surrounding wedding ceremony of the akin coupl es recently, there has not been established a reliable number of estimates of lesbian and gay couples. According to an American survey data, 40-60 (%) of gay men and 45-80 (%) of lesbians are currently romantically involved. Because when one presents himself or herself to the public as part of a lesbian or gay couple is subjected to abuse, discrimination and even violence, these total are belike to be underestimated as many do not come out in the open (Kurdek, 2004).Effects of homosexual parentingAccording to Patterson (2000), the gay and lesbians family lives have been a source of controversy for a long time. Due to the stigma attached to the same sex identities, the lesbians and gay men who declare their identities happen their original family relationships. However, the gay men and lesbians have always succeeded in creating and to sustain family relationships despite the discrimination and prejudice (Patterson, 2000). According to studies, children who have been raise(a) by lesbian mothers tend to conform to sexual activity role behaviors and careers that are stereotypical. In a census conducted in US 2000, 33% of lesbian couple household and 22% of gay couple household reported at least an under 18 year child backup in that home. By 2005, the number of children living in the same sex couple households were 270, 313 (Patterson, 2000).In Stacey and Biblarz (2001) words, gay marriage today has become rampant in our society and many countries are endorsing for its legalization. It is hence no surprise that family issues on lesbigay have turned into a rapidly growing industry in social science research. Such researches bear on family policies and marriage that predetermine the Western Cultures held convictions on parenthood sexuality, and gender. As opponents and advocates square off in cultural wars, legislatures, state and federal courts and in the electoral range over efforts to extend equal rights to foster care, child custody, marriage, and adopti on to nonheterosexuals, they heatedly debate the implications of a body investigating how the parents sexual orientation affects the children. The research bodys findings are such that there are no differences notable between children brought up by heterosexual parents and those brought by gay and lesbian parents. They also find the same sex parents to be as effective and competent as heterosexual parents (Stacey Biblarz, 2001). According to most studies conducted about homosexual parenting, outcome of children of the same sex parents is no better, nor worse than other childrens in terms of self concoct, academic achievement, persona and warmth of family relationships, peer group relationships, or behavioral difficulties and no likelihood of being gay than other kids (Carpenter, 2007).According to traditional opinions, homosexual parenting will have the following effects on their children 1. Provide an associate, a beat and experiences which make a child engage in homosexual act ivities. 2. The probability of sexual victimization in childhood will increase. 3. Due to the disturbed behavioral and standards of the parents, the child will likely be psychologically and socially disturbed than other children who have been elevated by straight parents (Homosexual parents, 2010).However, in a 2002 AAP report on gay parenting, it found no meaningful differences of children who have been raised by same sex parents from those raised by heterosexual parents. The committee first assessed the enrollments, behavior, and attitudes of gay and lesbian parents and found more similarities than there were differences in the attitudes and parenting styles of gay and non gay fathers. At the same time, the lesbian mothers had the same scores in psychological adjustment, attitudes and self esteem toward child rearing with the heterosexual mothers. The second orbit looks at the sexual orientation and gender identity of children who have been raised by gay parents. The study repo rted that none of those children showed any confusion in gender identity, wished to be of the other sex or engaged in behavior of the cross gender. There were also no differences found in the boys or girls preference of toys, activities, games, friendship or dressing code with the same sex parents in comparison with heterosexual parents, nor sexual attraction difference or identification of self as gay (Stacey Biblarz, 2001).The third area of study looked at the emotional and social victimization of children. It compared children who have been raised by divorced lesbians with those raised by divorced heterosexual mothers. There was no difference found in behavioral difficulties, quality of family relationships, peer group relationships, academic success, and personality measures. The study however, suggest one meaningful difference that children raised by lesbian parents are more likely to tolerate diversity and are likely to be more nurturing towards younger kids than those child ren raised by heterosexual parents (Hirsch Sears, 2004).Most of the researches conducted about gay parenting have the same conclusion that the breath that children raised by gay parents suffer has no base. The only significant difference as suggested by some evidence is that children raised by same sex parents are much freer in occupation and behavior explorations which are not hampered by traditional gender roles than children raised by heterosexual parents and consequently a good thing (Stacey Biblarz, 2001).According to Stacey and Biblarz (2001), those who oppose to parental rights of lesbian and gay couples claim that children of these couples are at a higher(prenominal) risk of outcomes that are negative. Most psychological research however, concludes that the developmental outcomes of kids raised by same sex parents and those raised by heterosexual parents are no different (Stacey Biblarz, 2001). Several lawyers and activists who are struggling to defend adoption petition s and child custody by gay men and lesbians or attaining the marriage rights of the same gender have been successful on drawing on the research (Stacey Biblarz, 2001).In reference to Kurdek (2004), a comparison of both partners from cohabiting gay and lesbian couples with no children was done with those of married heterosexual couples with children. Of the 50 (%) comparisons, there were no differences between the heterosexual partners with the gay and lesbian partners. Differences were found on the 78 (%) comparisons, which indicated that the same sex couples functioned better than did the heterosexuals. According to Kurdek, since the same variables were used to predict the concurrent relationship stability and quality for both same sex parents and heterosexual parents, he concludes that there should be generalization across the heterosexual, gay and lesbian couples by those processes which regulate the functioning in relationships (Kurdek, 2004).There are a few studies purport to establish characteristics of children raised by gay couple which are negative, these negative characteristics tend to however be discounted as they are associated with researchers and organizations that are anti gay. While there is a demand for further study of gay parenting, it is much clear that theres no reason found by the objective researchers to accept the idea that children of gay parents need protection (Hirsch Sears, 2004). According to Rekers (2004), the Arkansas regulation that denies foster parents licenses to those adults behaving in a homosexual way has a rational basis from three reasons. These areFrom the infixed structure and nature of homosexually behaving adults households, foster children are endangered as they are exposed to a substantial harmful stress levels that are far higher up heterosexual homes levels of stress. There is normally a high psychological disorder incidence in children entering foster care ranging from 29-96 (%) hence in the nominal head of adults with homosexual behavior in the foster home they are vulnerable to increased maladjustment and psychological harm (Hirsch Sears, 2004).Same sex relationships are substantially hapless lived and significantly less stable compared to a man and a woman marriage hence the rate of household transition is high in foster homes with same sex couples (Hirsch Sears, 2004).Foster children in homes with members behaving in a homosexual manner are deprived of the vitally needed positive child adjustment contributions which are due to the inherent nature of their foster homes and which are present only in heterosexual foster homes which are licensed. Some of these contributions are a father or a mother model, lack of a father or mother childbearing contributions, and lack of a wife -husband relationship model (Rekers, 2004).According to Gerstmann (2004), it is clear that it has not been certainly established by the social science data that the lesbian or gay men households are not op timal environments for children to be raised. But this does not make it for the society to irrationally assume that the biological father and mother should raise a child for its best. According to Social science data, we should be cautious to assume that traditional families compared to families of the same sex are better environments for raising children. Again, we actually cannot say that hypothesizing that children being raised by both a father and mother benefit is irrational (Gerstmann, 2004).ConclusionLesbians and gay men form families which are identical in appearance like those of non-gay families. Within the last couple of years in the gay and lesbian communities, there has been increased awareness of the fact that the possibility of being a parent is not ruled out by being gay. Homosexual parenting is when gay men or lesbians become biological or non biological parents to one or more children. Despite the controversy surrounding marriage of the same couples recently, there has not been established a reliable number of estimates of lesbian and gay couples. This is because when one presents himself or herself to the public as part of a lesbian or gay couple is subjected to abuse, discrimination and even violence, these numbers are likely to be underestimated as many do not come out in the open.Most of the researches conducted about gay parenting have the same conclusion that the suggestion that children raised by gay parents suffer has no base. The only significant difference as suggested by some evidence is that children raised by same sex parents are much freer in occupation and behavior explorations which are not hampered by traditional gender roles than children raised by heterosexual parents and thus a good thing. It is clear that it has not been certainly established by the social science data that the lesbian or gay men households are not optimal environments for children to be raised. But this does not make it for the society to irrationally as sume that the biological father and mother should raise a child for its best. According to Social science data, we should be cautious to assume that traditional families compared to families of the same sex are better environments for raising children.

No comments:

Post a Comment

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.